Various Experimental factors behind the Missing Elements in PIXE Spectrum of Charnockite Matrix

In the chemical characterization of charnokite is well investigated by using PIXE and other analytical techniques, but PIXE not given information about some of elements completely, because every technique including PIXE has proper limitations. To obtain the complete geochemical explanation of matrix charnockite composition, the experimental factors behind missing elements in PIXE at 3 MeV techniques with comparison must known and hence are used for the analysis of matrix compositions related to the earth materials like charnockite. In this study, the results obtained from PIXE compared with other analytical techniques and experimental factors of PIXE are discussed. By investigating the geochemical nature of complex charnockite material, the experimental factors which are related to the missing elements in this study of wide range of elements obtained from PIXE spectrum through the previous analytical techniques have been discussed

An application of PIXE technique to Proto Crustal Rocks: Geo chemical evaluation of Granulitic Charnockites of Eastern Ghats, Andhrapradesh, India

In this work, PIXE has been used for a variety of Precambrian proto crustal rocks in the form of granulitic charnockites,Eastern Ghats AP,India.In previous study of exterior part of the charnockite hill elemental analysis using electron microprobe analysis, the elements in host charnockites no Na, traces of Mn,Ca and high Ti,Cl,F (Biotite), no Mn, low Na,and high K,Cl (Hastingsite), and Cl, Fe (Apatite) were only detected, but by using PIXE technique in addition to the above twenty two trace elements are identified. PIXE is highly sensitive and non-destructive method for multi elemental analysis in a variety of Precambrian charnockite rocks down to levels of a few parts per million. The samples chosen for analysis from the central portion of a charnockite hill near Visakhapatnam airport. A big reticular mass of relict litho logical body which is compositionally and physically different from host chatnockite was observed in the central portion of the hill. These experiments are carried out using a 3MV pelletron accelerator facility at the Institute of physics, Bhubaneswar. A collimated proton beam of 2mm diameter is made to fall on to the sample, and the beam current is kept at 20na. A high resolution Si(Li) detector(160ev FWHM at 5.9kev energy) is employed in the present experiments and the Guelph PIXE (GUPIX) software package is used to analyze the spectra. The elements identified in this Precambrian charnockite rock are Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Ag, Pb..From this study these rocks are early crust(proto crust) rocks. These samples are to belong to a very important geological phase and further work on petrography and REE (Rare Earth Elements in Geology)of the rock is indeed to firmly establish its exact parentage

A study on the structure of the convective atmosphere over the Bay of Bengal during BOBMEX-99

Convective activity is one of the major processes in the atmosphere influencing the local and large-scale weather in the tropics. The latent heat released by the cumulus cloud is known to drive monsoon circulation, which on the other hand supplies the moisture that maintains the cumulus clouds. An investigation is carried out on the convective structure of the atmosphere during active and suppressed periods of convection using data sets obtained from the Bay of Bengal and Monsoon Experiment (BOBMEX). The cumulus convection though being a small-scale phenomenon, still influences its embedding environment by interaction through various scales. This study shows the variation in the kinematic and convective parameters during the transition from suppressed to active periods of convection. Convergence in the lower levels and strong upward vertical velocity, significant during active convection are associated with the formation of monsoon depressions. The apparent heat source due to latent heat release and the vertical transport of the eddy heat by cumulus convection, and the apparent moisture sink due to net condensation and vertical divergence of the eddy transport of moisture, are estimated through residuals of the thermodynamic equation and examined in relation to monsoon activity during BOBMEX

A study on air-sea exchange processes and conserved variable analysis over the Indian Ocean with INDOEX IFP-99 data

The exchange properties across the Marine Boundary Layer influence atmospheric convection and determine to a large extent the atmospheric circulation in the tropics. In view of these phenomena, an analysis of the surface parameters such as sea-surface temperature, air temperature, wind speed, moisture and cloud cover along the ORV Sagar Kanya and Ronald H. Brown cruise track was carried out. An attempt was made to examine the changes in these parameters while the ship was passing across the ITCZ region. The humidity was found to be considerably high over the ITCZ than non-ITCZ regions. The air-sea interaction processes were studied by computing the radiation fluxes (short-wave and longwave) and the turbulent heat fluxes (sensible heat and latent heat) using semi-empirical models. Over ITCZ region a net heat loss was found which can be attributed to large convergence, strong convective activity and dense cloud cover, leading to drastic reduction in short-wave radiation. Latitudinal and longitudinal variation of surface meteorological parameters and turbulent fluxes were studied to establish a link with the prevailing convective and clear weather regimes along the cruise tracks. A conserved variable analysis of the conserved variable such as potential temperature, virtual potential temperature, saturation equivalent potential temperature and specific humidity is carried out at every point of upper air observation from Ronald H. Brown. The values are estimated up to a maximum of 3 km to cover the boundary layer. In the ITCZ region due to the convective mixing deeper boundary layers are formed, where a double structure is observed. The Marine Boundary Layer Height is also estimated using thermodynamic profiles

Modernized IRNSS Broadcast Ephemeris Parameters

India has successfully stepped into satellite Navigation system with the launch of its first three IRNSS satellites IRNSS 1A, 1B and 1C.  IRNSS provides two types of services, Standard Posting Service (SPS), which is open for civilian use and the Restricted Service (RS), for authorized users.  The system is set to change the facet of navigation, surveying, transportation, precision agriculture, disaster management and telecommunication in India. In any navigation system, broadcast navigation parameters are of paramount importance in arriving user position solution at user receiver end. IRNSS Navigation data is classified as primary and secondary Navigation parameters. Primary navigation data of a satellite principally represents its own orbit and onboard clock offset in the form of quasi-keplerian elements and clock coefficients (Bias, Drift and Drifts rate) respectively. Whereas secondary navigation parameters includes satellite almanac, ionosphere delay correction messages, differential corrections, Earth orientation parameters and  IRNSS Time offset with respect to other GNSS. In existing IRNSS system satellite ephemeris of primary navigation parameters are broadcast in the form of 15 quasi-keplerian elements valid for a period of 2 hours or more. Spacecraft ephemeris which represents orbit in the form of 9 parameters, i.e., position, velocity and acceleration component of spacecraft in Cartesian coordinate system are chosen from Russian Global Navigation satellite system (Glonass) to improve Time to First Fix (TTFF) of IRNSS system with similar existing orbit accuracy. In addition, two models of user receiver orbit propagation algorithms with proposed ephemeris are briefed and their results are compared with standalone Glonass model. Generation of IRNSS ephemeris in Cartesian coordinate system and description of user receiver orbit propagation algorithms using new type of ephemeris to get user position solution is the scope of this paper.. Keywords: IRNSS, TTFF (Time to First Fix), Broadcast ephemeri

Diabetes mellitus and smoking among tuberculosis patients in a tertiary care centre in Karnataka, India

Supported by the TB Union/MSF Course on Operational Researc

Is screening for diabetes among tuberculosis patients feasible at the field level?

Supported by the TB Union/MSF Course on Operational Researc